Protocols for x-ray transient grating pump/optical probe experiments at x-ray free electron lasers
Year: 2024
Authors: Fainozzi D., Cucini R., Vila-Comamala J., Lima F., Ardana-Lamas F., Basares L., Bargheer M., Bencivenga F., Berndt N., Beye M., Biednov M., Bonetti S., Brioschi M., Cannizzo A., Carrara P., Chergui M., David C., Engel RY., Ferrari E., Feurer T., Frankenberger P., Gawelda WM., Gessini A., Heder S., Huang XC., Khatu NN., Knoll M., Madsen A., Mamyrbayev T., Masciovecchio C., Maznev AA., Milne C., Mincigrucci R., Nelson KA., Paltanin E., Rossi G., Scholz M., Serrat C., Staub U., Szlachetko J., Torre R., Dhanalakshmi-Veeraraj MR., Xu H., Zalden P., Svetina C.
Autors Affiliation: Univ Bern, Inst Appl Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; CNR IOM, SS 14 km 163-5 AREA Sci Pk, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; Paul Scherrer Inst PSI, Forschungsstr 111, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; European X Ray Free Electron Laser Facil, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany; IMDEA Nanociencia, C Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain; Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Quim Fis, Madrid 28040, Spain; Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Quim, Ctr Ultrafast Lasers, Madrid 28040, Spain; Inst Phys & Astron, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 km 163-5 AREA Sci Pk, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, Stockholm, Sweden; Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany; CaFoscari Univ Venice, Dept Mol Sci & Nanosyst, Venice, Italy; Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Via G Celoria 16, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne Ctr Ultrafast Sci LACUS, ISIC, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Quim, Ciudad Univ Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; Univ Trieste, Dept Phys, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Phys, Colom 11, Barcelona 08222, Spain; Jagiellonian Univ, SOLARIS Natl Synchrotron Radiat Ctr, Krakow, Poland; Univ Firenze, European Lab Nonlinear Spect LENS, Via N Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Univ Firenze, Dip Fis Astron, Via N Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; INO CNR, Ist Nazl Ott, Lgo E Fermi 6, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
Abstract: Transient grating spectroscopy is a specialized application of the four-wave-mixing methodology and constitutes a versatile technique for investigating the dynamics of vibrational, magnetic and electronic degrees of freedom of matter in a background-free fashion. Recent developments in free-electron laser sources have enabled the extension of this technique into the extreme ultraviolet range. Ongoing efforts to expand transient grating spectroscopy into the x-ray regime promise numerous advantages: (1) substantial penetration depths that allow for probing bulk material properties, (2) element specificity via specific core-excited states, and (3) short wavelengths that allow for excitation gratings with higher momentum transfer and improved spatial resolution. In this study, we comprehensively outline the procedures for conducting x-ray transient grating pump/optical probe experiment. The process encompasses the design and alignment of the experimental setup, as well as the subsequent steps involved in data acquisition and analysis. This paper is intended as a comprehensive guide for researchers interested in implementing x-ray transient grating spectroscopy, providing valuable insights into the intricacies of the experimental workflow required for this novel technique. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for extending this methodology to an x-ray pump/x-ray probe scheme, envisioning a future direction that holds promise for enhancing the capabilities and scope of x-ray transient grating spectroscopy, opening new opportunities for studying ultrafast processes with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions.
Journal/Review: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS
Volume: 57 (18) Pages from: 185403-1 to: 185403-11
More Information: The authors acknowledge the European XFEL facility for the Long Term Proposal 3323 grated to develop the x-ray transient grating technique. The physical gratings were manufactured by the Lab. for Micro and Nanotechnology group at Paul Scherrer Institute while the experiments were carried out at FXE instrument at EuXFEL. E P acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 860553. The work is partially supported under the Polish Ministry and Higher Education project: ’Support for research and development with the use of research infrastructure of the National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS’ under Contract No. 1/SOL/2021/2 and partially funded by the National Science Centre in Poland under Grant Number 2020/37/B/ST3/00555. M C acknowledges support via the ERC CHIRAX grant. R T acknowledges the MIUR Project: PRIN-2022JWAF7Y; EU Projects: I-PHOQS- IR0000016, ID-D2B8D520, CUP-B53C22001750006. The contribution by A A M, K A N, and N B was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-SC0019126. R C, G R, M C e P C acknowledge support from Nanoscience Foundry and Fine Analysis (NFFA-MUR Italy Progetti Internazionali).KeyWords: free electron laser; ultrafast; x-ray; transient gratingDOI: 10.1088/1361-6455/ad717f