East Asian summer monsoon delivers large abundances of very short-lived organic chlorine substances to the lower stratosphere

Year: 2024

Authors: Pan LL., Atlas EL., Honomichl SB., Smith WP., Kinnison DE., Solomon S., Santee ML., Lopez AS., Laube JC., Wang B., Ueyama R., Bresch JF., Hornbrook RS., Apel EC., Hills AJ., Treadaway V., Smith K., Schauffler S., Donnelly S., Hendershot R., Lueb R., Campos T., Viciani S., D’Amato F., Bianchini G., Barucci M., Podolske JR., Iraci LT., Gurganus C., Bui P., Dean-Day JM., Millan L., Ryoo JM., Barletta B., Koo JH., Kim J., Liang Q., Randel WJ., Thornberry T., Newman PA.

Autors Affiliation: NSF Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Chem Observat & Modeling Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA; Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Dept Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA; MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA; CSIC, Inst Phys Chem Blas Cabrera, Dept Atmospher Chem & Climate, Madrid 28006, Spain; Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany; Univ Hawaii, Dept Atmospher Sci, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA; Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA; NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA; NSF Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorol Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA; Univ Colorado Boulder, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA; NOAA, Chem Sci Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA; Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Chem, Hays, KS 67601 USA; CNR, Natl Inst Opt, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA; Sci & Technol Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA; Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA; Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Kongju Natl Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Gongju 32588, South Korea; NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.

Abstract: Deep convection in the Asian summer monsoon is a significant transport process for lifting pollutants from the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause level. This process enables efficient injection into the stratosphere of reactive species such as chlorinated very short-lived substances (Cl-VSLSs) that deplete ozone. Past studies of convective transport associated with the Asian summer monsoon have focused mostly on the south Asian summer monsoon. Airborne observations reported in this work identify the East Asian summer monsoon convection as an effective transport pathway that carried record-breaking levels of ozone-depleting Cl-VSLSs (mean organic chlorine from these VSLSs similar to 500 ppt) to the base of the stratosphere. These unique observations show total organic chlorine from VSLSs in the lower stratosphere over the Asian monsoon tropopause to be more than twice that previously reported over the tropical tropopause. Considering the recently observed increase in Cl-VSLS emissions and the ongoing strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon under global warming, our results highlight that a reevaluation of the contribution of Cl-VSLS injection via the Asian monsoon to the total stratospheric chlorine budget is warranted.

Journal/Review: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Volume: 121 (12)      Pages from: e2318716121-1  to: e2318716121-10

More Information: The ACCLIP campaign was supported by NSF, NASA, and NOAA. This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the U.S. NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 18 52977. The GV data used in this work were collected using NSF’s Lower Atmosphere Observing Facilities, which are managed and operated by NSF NCAR’s Earth Observing Laboratory. L.L.P., D.E.K., and W.P.S. acknowledge the support of NSF grant AGS-1853929 for deployment. The COLD2 deployment is funded by European Space Agency (ESA) contract QA4EO-ACCLIP. J.R.P. and L.T.I. were supported by the NASA Earth Science Research and Analysis Program. E.L.A. acknowledges the grant from NSF AGS #1853948 and NASA NNX17AE43G and 80NSSC22K1284. R.U. and P.A.N. acknowledge the support from the NASA Upper Atmosphere Composition Observations Program. Q.L. acknowledges the support from the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program. S. Solomon appreciates support by NSF 2128617. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was carried out under a contract with the NASA (80NM0018D0004). J.K. acknowledges the support from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER2021-01-02-038). We thank the GV and WB-57 pilots and ground crew as well as the Osan Air Base staff for their support of the flight operations.
KeyWords: Asian summer monsoon; convective transport; very short-lived ozone-depleting substances; stratospheric ozone
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318716121

Citations: 2
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