Microwave-assisted in situ laser dye incorporation into high sensitivity whispering gallery mode microresonators

Year: 2022

Authors: Mondragon-Ochoa J.S., Gonzalez-Rivera J., Toparli C., Khanum R., Moirangthem R.S., Duce C., Ferrari C., Barillaro G., Erbe A.

Autors Affiliation: Max Planck Inst Eisenforsch GmbH, Max Planck Str 1, D-40237 Dusseldorf, Germany; Univ Pisa, Dept Chem & Ind Chem, Via G Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Ingn Informaz, Via G Caruso 16, I-56122 Pisa, Italy; Indian Sch Mines, Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Nanophoton Lab, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India; Natl Res Council Italy CNR, Natl Inst Opt, INO UOS Pisa, Via G Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Middle East Tech Univ, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Ankara, Turkey.

Abstract: Optical whispering gallery mode microresonators (WGM-mu Rs) are powerful sensitive components with many analytical applications. Here, spherical WGM-mu Rs have been synthesised in a single-step microwave (MW)-assisted heterophase polymerisation. The microresonators are based on poly(styrene) beads into which the organic lasing dye nile red was incorporated as gain medium in situ during the polymerisation. The particle diameter and diameter distribution of the synthesised particles were tuned in the range of around 200 nm up to 50 mu m by adjusting the concentration between stabiliser poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and monomer styrene, and the solvent composition in the dispersion process. Lower water content enabled the synthesis of spherical particles with large size polydispersity, from which WGM-mu Rs with a variety of diameters were selected. Microspheres with diameters greater than or similar to 3.5 mu < mu W were sufficient to excite WGMs. WGM shifts of beads with diameter between approximate to 5 and 30 mu m measured in air and water show a sensitivity up to 54 nm/RIU for the smallest particles. Dye doped WGM-mu R in the low mu m size range obtained by the MW-assisted polymerisation process with its versatility, low processing times and high yields opens new horizons for the applications of these systems as sensors. Journal/Review: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS

Volume: 55 (5)      Pages from: 055101-1  to: 055101-10

More Information: J S M O thanks the Mexican Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) for a scholarship. We thank Petra Ebbinghaus for technical assistance.
KeyWords: whispering gallery mode; morphology-dependent resonances; laser; polymerisation; microwave; refractive index sensing
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac2e34

Citations: 2
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