The European Solar Telescope

Year: 2022

Authors: C. Quintero Noda; R. Schlichenmaier; L. R. Bellot Rubio; M. G. Ltzfdahl; E. Khomenko; J. Jurcbk; J. Leenaarts; C. Kuckein; S. J. Gonzblez Manrique; S. Gunbr; C. J. Nelson; J. de la Cruz Rodrnguez; K. Tziotziou; G. Tsiropoula; G. Aulanier; J. Aboudarham; D. Allegri; E. Alsina Ballester; J. P. Amans; A. Asensio Ramos; F. J. Bailyn; M. Balaguer; V. Baldini; H. Balthasar; T. Barata; K. Barczynski; M. Barreto Cabrera; A. Baur; C. Bychet; C. Beck; M. Belno-Asnn; N. Bello-Gonzblez; L. Belluzzi; R. D. Bentley; S. V. Berdyugina; D. Berghmans; A. Berlicki; F. Berrilli; T. Berkefeld; F. Bettonvil; M. Bianda; J. Bienes Pyrez; S. Bonaque-Gonzblez; R. Braja; V. Bommier; P.-A. Bourdin; J. Burgos Martnn; D. Calchetti; A. Calcines; J. Calvo Tovar; R. J. Campbell; Y. Carballo-Martnn; V. Carbone; E. S. Carlin; M. Carlsson; J. Castro Lupez; L. Cavaller; F. Cavallini; G. Cauzzi; M. Cecconi; H. M. Chulani; R. Cirami; G. Consolini; I. Coretti; R. Cosentino; J. Cuzar-Castellano; K. Dalmasse; S. Danilovic; M. De Juan Ovelar; D. Del Moro; T. del Pino Alembn; J. C. del Toro Iniesta; C. Denker; S. K. Dhara; P. Di Marcantonio; C. J. Dnaz Baso; A. Diercke; E. Dineva; J. J. Dnaz-Garcna; H.-P. Doerr; G. Doyle; R. Erdelyi; I. Ermolli; A. Escobar Rodrnguez; S. Esteban Pozuelo; M. Faurobert; T. Felipe; A. Feller; N. Feijoo Amoedo; B. Femenna Castellb; J. Fernandes; I. Ferro Rodrnguez; I. Figueroa; L. Fletcher; A. Franco Ordovas; R. Gafeira; R. Gardenghi; B. Gelly; F. Giorgi; D. Gisler; L. Giovannelli; F. Gonzblez; J. B. Gonzblez; J. M. Gonzblez-Cava; M. Gonzblez Garcna; P. Gtzmtzry; F. Gracia; B. Grauf; V. Greco; C. Grivel; N. Guerreiro; S. L. Guglielmino; R. Hammerschlag; A. Hanslmeier; V. Hansteen; P. Heinzel; A. Hernbndez-Delgado; E. Hernbndez Subrez; S. L. Hidalgo; F. Hill; J. Hizberger; S. Hofmeister; A. Jdgers; G. Janett; R. Jarolim; D. Jess; D. Jimynez Mejnas; L. Jolissaint; R. Kamlah; J. Kapitbn; J. Kaparovb; C. U. Keller; T. Kentischer; D. Kiselman; L. Kleint; M. Klvana; I. Kontogiannis; N. Krishnappa; A. Kucera; N. Labrosse; A. Lagg; E. Landi Degl’Innocenti; M. Langlois; M. Lafon; D. Laforgue; C. Le Men; B. Lepori; F. Lepreti; B. Lindberg; P. B. Lilje; A. Lupez Ariste; V. A. Lupez Fernbndez; A. C. Lupez Jimynez; R. Lupez Lupez; R. Manso Sainz; A. Marassi; J. Marco de la Rosa; J. Marino; J. Marrero; A. Martnn; A. Martnn Gblvez; Y. Martnn Hernando; E. Masciadri; M. Martnnez Gonzblez; A. Matta-Gumez; A. Mato; M. Mathioudakis; S. Matthews; P. Mein; F. Merlos Garcna; J. Moity; I. Montilla; M. Molinaro; G. Molodij; L. M. Montoya; M. Munari; M. Murabito; M. N

Autors Affiliation: Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife 38205, Spain; Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, Tenerife 38206, Spain; Leibniz Inst Sonnenphys KIS, Schoneckstr 6, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Inst Astrofis Andalucia IAA CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, Granada 18008, Spain; Czech Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Fricova 298, Ondrejov 25165, Czech Republic; Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Inst Solar Phys, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Slovak Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Tatranska Lomnica 05960, Slovakia; Queens Univ Belfast, Astrophys Res Ctr, Sch Math & Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland; European Space Res & Technol Ctr ESTEC, European Space Agcy ESA, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands; Natl Observ Athens, Inst Astron Astrophys Space Applicat & Remote Sen, Penteli 15236, Greece; Univ Paris Saclay, Lab Phys Plasmas LPP, Ecole Polytech,Univ PSL, IP Paris,Sorbonne Univ,CNRS,Observ Paris, Paris, France; Univ Oslo, Rosseland Ctr Solar Phys, POB 1029, N-0315 Blindern, Norway; Univ Paris Cite, LESIA,Observ Paris, Univ PSL,Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France; Univ Appl Sci & Arts Southern Switzerland SUPSI, Polo Univ Lugano, Via Serafino Balestra 16, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland; PSL Res Univ, Observ Paris, CNRS, GEPI, F-92195 Meudon, France; INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste, Via GB Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy; Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany; Univ Coimbra, Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco, OGAUC, Rua Observ S-N, P-3040004 Coimbra, Portugal; PMOD WRC, Dorfstr 33, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland; Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Honggerberg Campus,HIT Bldg, Zurich, Switzerland; Univ Appl Sci Western Switzerland HEIG VD, 1 Route Cheseaux, CH-1401 Yverdon, Switzerland; Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Elect Engn, 4860 Vicuna Mackenna, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Natl Solar Observ NSO, 3665 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA; Univ Svizzera Italiana USI, IRSOL Ist Ric Solari Aldo & Cele Dacco, CH-6605 Locarno, Switzerland; Univ Svizzera Italiana USI, Euler Inst, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland; UCL Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England; Royal Observ Belgium, B-1180 Uccle, Belgium; Univ Wroclaw, Ctr Sci Excellence Solar & Stellar Act, Kopernika 11, PL-51622 Wroclaw, Poland; Univ Wroclaw, Astron Inst, Ul Kopernika 11, PL-51622 Wroclaw, Poland; Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Phys Dept, I-00133 Rome, Italy; Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Niels Bohrweg 2, NL-2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands; Univ Zagreb, Fac Geodesy, Hvar Observ, Kaciceva 26, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; Karl Franzens Univ Graz, IGAM, Inst Phys, Univ Pl 5-2, Graz, Austria; Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch MPS, Justus von Liebig Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany; Univ Durham, Ctr Adv Instrumentat, Dept Phys, Durham, England; Univ Calabria, Dept Phys, Ponte P Bucci 31C, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy; Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; GRANTECAN SA, C Via Lactea S-N IAC, Tenerife 38205, Spain; INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy; INAF Fund Galileo Galilei, Rambla Jose Ana Fernandez Perez 7, Brena Baja 38712, Canary Islands, Spain; INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziali, I-00133 Rome, Italy; Univ Paul Sabatier, Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, IRAP,Cnes, 14 Ave E Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France; Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, Merseyside, England; Armagh Observ & Planetarium, Coll Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, North Ireland; Univ Sheffield, Solar Phys & Space Plasma Res Ctr SP2RC, Sch Math & Stat, Hicks Bldg,Hounsfield Rd, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England; Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Geog & Earth Sci, Dept Astron, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Solar Phys Fdn HSPF, Petofi Ter 3, H-5700 Gyula, Hungary; INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; Univ Cote dAzur, Observ Cote dAzur, CNRS, Lab Lagrange, Nice, France; Univ Coimbra, Geophys & Astron Observ, CITEUC Ctr Earth & Space Res, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Dept Math, Coimbra, Portugal; Minist Ciencia & Innovac, Subdirecc Gen Int Ciencia & Innovac, Paseo Castellana 162,Planta 16 Impares, Madrid 28046, Spain; Univ Glasgow, SUPA Sch Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland; CNRS IRL2009 THEMIS, Via Lactea S-N, San Cristobal la Laguna 38205, Canary Islands, Spain; Lund Univ, Max IV Lab, Box 188, S-22100 Lund, Sweden; CNR, Ist Nazl Ott, Largo E Fermi 6, I-50125 Florence, Italy; INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Catania, Via S Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy; Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys & Astron, Postbus 80000, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands; Palack Univ Olomouc, Dept Opt, 17 Listopadu 12, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Univ Geneva, 7 Route Drize, CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland; Aalto Univ, Dept Comp Sci, POB 15400, Aalto 00076, Finland; Univ Firenze, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Florence, Italy; Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon1, Ctr Rech Astrophys Lyon UMR5574, CNRS,ENS Lyon, F-69230 St Genis Laval, France; Univ Svizzera Italiana, Fac Commun Sci, Lugano, Switzerland; Univ Calif Observ, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA; INAF Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Expert Analyt AS, Mollergata 8, N-0179 Oslo, Norway; Univ Aquila, Dept Phys & Chem Sci, Via Vetoio 48, I-67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy; Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Math, Ctr Math Plasma Astrophys, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Univ Maria Curie Sklodowska, Inst Phys, Pl M Curie Sklodowska 5, PL-20031 Lublin, Po land; Skolkovo Inst Sci & Technol, Bolshoy Blvd 30,Bld 1, Moscow 121205, Russia; Thuringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany; INAF Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Via Alfonso Corti 12, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Univ Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Ctr Radio Astron & Astrofis Mackenzie, Escola Engn, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Space Res, Yongin 446701, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Italian Space Agcy, ASI, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy; Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Particle Phys & Astrophys, Zurich, Switzerland; Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan; CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Adapt Opt, Chengdu 610209, Peoples R China; Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Opt & Elect, Chengdu 610209, Peoples R China; Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron Ettore Majorana, Via S Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy.

Abstract: The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics com- munity during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Tylescope Hyliographique pour l?Ytude du Magnytisme et des Instabilitys Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open con- figuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems.

Journal/Review: ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Volume: 666      Pages from: A21-1  to: A21-36

More Information: C.Q.N. was supported by the EST Project Office, funded by the Canary Islands Government (file SD 17/01) under a direct grant awarded to the IAC on ground of public interest. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreements No 739500 (PRE-EST) and 653982 (GREST). This project was supported by the European Commission’s FP7 Capacities Programme under Grant Agreements No 212482 (EST Design Study) and No. 312495 (SOLARNET). It was also supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 824135 (SOLARNET). This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project RTI2018-096886-B-C51, including a percentage from FEDER funds, and through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa grant SEV-2017-0709 awarded to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía in the period 2018-2022. The EST preparatory phase was supported by a grant for research infrastructures of national importance from the Swedish Research Council (registration number 2017-00625). J.J. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic through the EST-CZ project (LM2018095). C.K. acknowledges funding received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 895955. Queen’s University Belfast acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grant No. ST/V003739/1. This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants [UID/FIS/04434/2019], UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, UIDB/00611/2020 and UIDP/00611/2020. This work was partly funded by a grant of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 32958-N. J.C.R., C.J.D.B. and A.P.Y. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (SUNMAG, grant agreement 759548). J.A. was supported by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). G.A., M.C., L.F., V.H., A.O. and L.R.V.V acknowledge support by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262622. L.B., M.B., R.R. acknowledge State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI), Canton Ticino and Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 200020_184952, 200021_175997, CRSII5_180238) for the financial support. R. Brajša and D. Sudar acknowledge the support by the Croatian Science Foundation under project 7549 ‘Millimeter and submillimeter observations of the solar chromosphere with ALMA’. The NSO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The work of A.B. was partially supported by the programme ‘Excellence Initiative – Research University’ for years 2020–2026 for University of Wrocław, project no. BPIDUB.4610.15.2021.KP.B. E.S.C. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the Spanish State Research Agency, under Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence Programme 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S). L.F. and N.L. would like to acknowledge support from UK Research and Innovation Science and Technology Facilities Council grants ST/L006200/1 and ST/T000422/1. J.F. acknowledges visiting facilities at Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics (University of Oslo), in 2019. P. Gömöry, A.K. and J.R. were supported by the Science Grant Agency project VEGA 2/0048/20. I. Kontogiannis is supported by KO 6283/2-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). C.J.N. is thankful to the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), for support received through grant ST/T00021X/1, and ESA, for support as an ESA Research Fellow. K.P. was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (grants no. NKFI K-128384 and TKP2021-NKTA-64). P.J.A. Simões acknowledges support from CNPq (contract 307612/2019-8). J.T.B. acknowledges the funding received from the European Research Council (ERC) under de European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Advanced Grant Agreement No. 742265). M.V. is supported by VE 1112/1-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). L.Q.Z. acknowledges that this work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11727805, No. 1210030348). F.Z. acknowledges that this work was supported by the Italian MIUR-PRIN grant 2017APKP7T and by the Università degli Studi di Catania (Piano per la Ricerca Università di Catania 2020-2022, Linea di intervento 2).
KeyWords: telescopes – Sun; magnetic fields – Sun; chromosphere – instrumentation; adaptive optics – instrumentation; polarimeters
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243867

Citations: 41
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